Vaccine: X

The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) is known to be one of the most successful disease eradication initiatives with massive reductions in polio transmission as well as its contributions to strengthening health systems and capacity building. Existing analyses provide limited insight into how capacity was developed, which forms of capacity were strengthened or neglected, and how these efforts were experienced by implementers. Understanding these factors can be helpful as GPEI accelerates...

BackgroundTyphoid fever incidence estimates are central to policy decisions on vaccine introduction and investments in non-vaccine prevention and control but are often unavailable. We explored whether prevalence metrics from sentinel studies of community-onset bloodstream infections could accurately predict local Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) incidence. MethodsUsing a previous systematic review (January 2018-December 2024), we identified studies reporting both typhoid incidence and prevalence of ...

In 2024, mpox cases surged in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) with cross-border spread to Burundi. We developed a transmission-dynamic model calibrated against surveillance data to understand drivers in enzootic (Clade Ia) and non-enzootic (Clade Ib) areas, and the potential impact of vaccination. In non-enzootic areas we estimated that 58-84% of transmission occurred within sexual networks. MVA-BN vaccination of sex workers could have averted 91% (95% CrI 81%-98%) of infections in Su...

BackgroundMalawi has one of the highest incidences and mortality due to cervical cancer, which is caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Achieving high HPV vaccination coverage is critical for advancing the World Health Organization (WHO) cervical cancer elimination strategy. This study aims to describe the spatio-temporal uptake of the first and second doses of the HPV vaccine in Malawi and to investigate the covariates associated with the uptake. MethodsWe analysed HPV vaccination coverage...

The prospective design of vaccine efficacy trials for deployment in outbreaks requires advance consideration of plausible outbreak scenarios, anticipated vaccine characteristics, and logistical and ethical constraints. As part of CEPIs 100 Days Mission to accelerate vaccine development against a novel Disease X, we evaluated trial designs for a hypothetical Nipah-X outbreak. We assumed Nipah-X would share key features with Nipah, including high case fatality rates and substantial super-spreading...

Background Persistent inequities in immunisation coverage, particularly among zero-dose and under-immunised children, continue to challenge Pakistan's Expanded Programme on Immunization. Weak feedback loop, inconsistent data quality, and limited real-time monitoring impede effective decision-making. This Implementation Research was conducted under the MAINSTREAM Initiative funded by Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (AHPSR) and supported by the Aga Khan Community Health Services De...

BackgroundRotavirus remains a leading cause of childhood diarrhoeal hospitalisation globally. Malawi introduced the monovalent G1P8 rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix(R)) in October 2012 and in April 2016 switched from trivalent to bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV to bOPV). More than a decade after Rotarix(R) introduction, evidence on sustained vaccine effectiveness and population-level impact in high-transmission, low-income settings remains limited, and it is uncertain whether programme changes ...

BackgroundCervical cancer remains a significant global public health challenge, with the overwhelming majority of its burden borne by low- and middle-income countries. Globally, an estimated 660,000 new cases and 350,000 deaths occur each year, with more than 90% of cervical cancer-related mortality concentrated in resource-limited settings. In Africa, limited access to organized screening programs and early detection services continues to contribute to persistently high incidence and mortality ...

The resurgence of measles in the United States, driven by declining childhood vaccination coverage, poses a substantial public health and economic threat. Using county-level MMR vaccine coverage data and spatial incidence models, we quantified the economic burden of measles in 2025 and projected the impact of continued declines in vaccine uptake. In 2025, the estimated cost per measles case was $104,629 (50% High-Density Interval [HDI]: $100,729-$110,140), yielding a national burden of $244.2 mi...

The seasonal circulation of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in countries such as Japan, together with the transient nature of passive immunity conferred to infants via maternal vaccination or monoclonal antibody administration, may warrant a differential strategy for those born during the RSV inter-seasonal period. Maximal effectiveness may be achieved by deferring immunisation of this cohort from birth until entry into their first RSV season using catch-up administration of monoclonal antibod...

BackgroundRoutine immunization (RI) is widely used to increase population immunity against measles. In low-resource settings, achieving immunity goals using RI alone has proved challenging and supplemental immunization activities (SIAs), large community-based vaccination campaigns conducted every few years, have been used to close immunity gaps. Although effective at covering the population unreached by RI and boosting the population immunity, SIAs are labor-intensive and expensive, allowing for...

IntroductionFlooding events, which are strongly linked to climate change and variability, have the potential to disrupt communities and health systems. Vaccination, a highly effective public health intervention, plays a pivotal role in preventing numerous deaths annually, particularly among children. However, the relationship between exposure to flood events and early childhood vaccination remains unexplored. MethodsThis study utilizes validated flood exposure data from the Global Flood Databas...

IntroductionChildhood immunization is highly cost-effective, yet uptake is shaped by sociocultural and religious influences. In Bauchi State, Nigeria, coverage remains low (Penta3 58.2%; fully vaccinated according to the national schedule 22.5% among children aged 12-23 months; Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2024). Religious leaders shape community norms, but their perspectives on immunization in Bauchi are not well characterized. Guided by Omans model of religion/spirituality and ...

BackgroundZero-dose children, defined as those who have not received a first dose of a diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT)-containing vaccine, represent one of the sharpest manifestations of inequity in immunisation systems. Nigeria remains one of the largest contributors to the global zero-dose burden, with North-East Nigeria facing intersecting crises of conflict, population displacement, governance fragility, and weakened primary health care. Existing research has largely focused on structural...

This study examines the impact of the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) on health research capacity and health system strengthening in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) from 2005 to 2023. Using a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews, stakeholders and beneficiaries shared their perceptions of DNDis interventions. The analysis, grounded in an integrative model of organizational performance, found that DNDis efforts significantly enhanced clinical and operational r...

BackgroundHelmet use is a proven safety measure that reduces the risk of head injury among cyclists and e-scooter riders. Despite legal requirements for pedal bikes and e-bikes in Australia, compliance varies, particularly among users of electric vehicles. The growing popularity of e-bikes and e-scooters in urban areas presents new public health challenges, yet observational data on helmet use, behavioural determinants, and the effectiveness of safety interventions remain limited. AimPhase 4 of...

Background The Hump-nosed pit viper is a recognized but neglected medically significant species causing morbidity and mortality, with non-availability of a specific antivenom. There are many gaps in our understanding of its envenomation, including burden, clinical syndrome, complications and management. Methodology The study is a retrospective sub analysis of the Prospective VENOMS registry and hospital records of Hump Nosed Pit Viper envenomation from a single tertiary care center in coastal Ka...

BackgroundHelmet use is a proven safety measure that reduces the risk of head injury among cyclists and e-scooter riders. Despite legal requirements for pedal bikes and e-bikes in Australia, compliance varies, particularly among users of electric vehicles. The growing popularity of e-bikes and e-scooters in urban areas presents new public health challenges, yet observational data on helmet use, behavioural determinants, and the effectiveness of safety interventions remain limited. AimPhases 1 a...

BackgroundText messages are a low-cost digital health solution that can provide information directly to mothers. We aimed to evaluate a text message program, called Essential Coaching for Every Mother Tanzania (ECEM-TZ), designed to improve maternal access to essential newborn care education during the immediate 6-week postnatal period. MethodsA randomized controlled trial was conducted in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. ECEM-TZ consists of standardized text messages from birth to 6 weeks postpartum t...

COVID-19 remains a substantial public health challenge in the Netherlands. Next-generation COVID-19 vaccine, mRNA-1283, is approved in the European Union, with potential for higher relative vaccine efficacy compared with originally-licensed COVID-19 vaccines. Its potential public health and economic impact, in adults [≥]60 years and high-risk 18-59 years, was modelled versus no vaccination and originally-licensed mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2, adapting a published static Markov model with 1-year tim...